Methods and kits for monitoring membranous nephropathy

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the protein THSD7A (Thrombospondin, Type I, Domain Containing 7A) as a bio-marker autoantigen in membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy. The invention provides diagnostic, prognostic and monitoring methods for membranous nephropathy in a patient based on the detection of autoantibodies recognizing the THSD7A protein (anti-THSD7A autoantibodies) and associated kits. The invention also provides diagnostic methods and kits based on the detection of the THSD7A level. The invention further provides therapeutic methods for membranous nephropathy.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a biomarker autoantigen that isspecifically recognized by autoantibodies present in a biological sampleof patients with membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathicmembranous nephropathy.

The invention provides methods and kits for diagnosing, prognosing,monitoring and treating membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathicmembranous nephropathy in a patient.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Membranous nephropathy is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome. About15% of membranous nephropathy cases are secondary membranousnephropathy, caused by drugs, infections, tumors, immune diseases. Theremaining 85% of membranous nephropathy cases are idiopathic, alsocalled autoimmune primary membranous nephropathy. Its origin remainsunknown. About one half of patients with idiopathic membranousnephropathy who did not receive treatments will develop end-stage renaldisease requiring dialysis or renal transplantation. Among the kidneytransplants, about 40% of them will relapse.

PLA2R1 has been described as a major autoantigen in idiopathicmembranous nephropathy and can be used for the diagnosis and monitoringof treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy both before and afterkidney graft. Possible therapeutic strategies based on this autoantigenhave also been reported.

However, only about 70% of patients suffering from idiopathic membranousnephropathy have anti-PLA2R1 autoantibodies, suggesting that otherautoantigens and corresponding autoantibodies may be involved in theremaining 30% cases. Thus, there is a corresponding need for diagnosis,prognosis and theragnosis for the 30% of patients who cannot be followedbased on the PLA2R1 autoantigen.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the identification of Thrombospondin Type IDomain Containing 7A (THSD7A) as a novel autoantigen in membranousnephropathy and a corresponding in vitro method for diagnosing and/orprognosing membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy, in a patient, said method comprising the step of detectingin a biological sample obtained from said patient one or moreautoantibodies recognizing the THSD7A protein.

In one embodiment, said in vitro method comprises the steps of:

-   -   (i) Contacting a biological sample obtained from said patient        with a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment        thereof, and    -   (ii) Detecting any antigen-antibody complex formed,    -   wherein the presence of an antigen-antibody complex is        indicative of membranous nephropathy.

Preferably, the biological sample is a blood sample.

The invention relates to an in vitro method for assessing theeffectiveness of a treatment for membranous nephropathy, particularlyidiopathic membranous nephropathy, in a patient, comprising:

-   -   (i) determining at a first time point a level of anti-THSD7A        autoantibodies in said sample obtained from said patient at said        first time point,    -   (ii) determining at a second time point a level of anti-THSD7A        autoantibodies in said sample obtained from said patient at said        second time point, and    -   (iii) comparing the levels of autoantibodies of the two time        points,    -   wherein:        -   a decrease in the level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies in the            second time point compared to the first time point indicates            that the treatment is effective, and/or        -   an increase in the level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies in            the second time point compared to the first time point            indicates that the treatment is not effective.

The present invention further provides a kit for diagnosing and/orprognosing membranous nephropathy in a patient, said kit comprising:

-   -   a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment thereof,        and    -   a reagent for detection of an antigen-antibody complex formed        between an autoantigen and an autoantibody present in the        biological sample.

The invention also relates to an in vitro method for diagnosing and/orprognosing membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy, in a patient, comprising the step of determining the THSD7Alevel in a biological sample obtained from said patient.

In one embodiment, said method comprising the following steps of:

-   -   (i) measuring the level of THSD7A protein in a biological sample        obtained from said patient,    -   (ii) comparing said level to a reference level,        wherein an increased level of THSD7A protein compared to said        reference level is indicative of a membranous nephropathy.

Preferably, the biological sample is a kidney biopsy or a blood sample.

Finally, the invention relates to therapeutic methods, pharmaceuticalscompositions and uses for treating membranous nephropathy.

Indeed, the invention relates to a method for treating a membranousnephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy in apatient, the method comprising removing anti-THSD7A autoantibodies froma sample in said patient ex vivo.

The invention also relates to a method for treating a membranousnephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy in apatient, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effectiveamount of a THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof, a vectorexpressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof or a host cellexpressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof.

Moreover, the invention relates to a THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof (a vector expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof or a host cell expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof) for use in the treatment of membranous nephropathy and apharmaceutical composition comprising said THSD7A polypeptide or afragment thereof (a vector expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or afragment thereof or a host cell expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or afragment thereof), particularly for the treatment of membranousnephropathy, more particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

Preferably, for therapeutic methods, pharmaceuticals compositions anduses of the invention, the patient is a THSD7A-positive patient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Detection of autoantibodies against an unknown antigen inpatients with membranous nephropathy. A. Results of western blotting ona human glomerular extract (HGE) probed with sera from patients withmembranous nephropathy (MN) and from control patients. The majority ofthese tested patients (88%) was taken from a preexisting serum bank fromHamburg, while the remaining sera were from a cohort of patients fromNice. This panel shows representative images of different reactivitypatterns: Three of the depicted MN sera (MN 2 to MN 4) reacted with aglomerular protein of approximately 250 kDa in size, but not with therecombinant phospholipase A2 receptor (rPLA2R1). One MN serum recognizeda glomerular protein of around 180 kDa as well as the recombinant PLA2R1(MN 36). No reactivity is seen for one MN serum (MN 6), two sera fromproteinuric controls, one with minimal change disease (MCD) and one withfocal-segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and one healthy donor. B. Outof sixty-nine patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) who werenegative for anti-PLA2R1 antibodies, six reacted with a 250 kDa antigen.Five of these six had idiopathic MN, while one had secondary MN withpositive antinuclear antibodies (ANA). No reactivity was seen inanti-PLA2R1 positive patients (n=60), patients with other glomerulardiseases (n=76) or healthy controls (n=44).

FIG. 2: Identification of the target antigen. A. Results of westernblotting of a human glomerular extract (HGE) and transfected HEK293cells overexpressing thrombospondin type 1 domain containing 7A(rTHSD7A) with reactive and non-reactive sera. This panel showsrepresentative images of three patients with membranous nephropathy (MN)whose sera reacted with both, HGE and rTHSD7A (MN 1 to MN 3), onenon-reactive MN patient (MN 36), one non-reactive patient with minimalchange disease (MCD), and one non-reactive healthy control patient.rTHSD7A migrated to a slightly lower position than the native proteincontained in the glomerular lysate, most likely due to a difference inpost-translational modification. B. Results of immunoprecipitation ofTHSD7A from a lysate of a human glomerular extract (HGE). HGE wereincubated with reactive and non-reactive serum samples from patientswith MN and controls, followed by the addition of human IgG4 affinitymatrix. Samples were centrifuged and immunoprecipitates wereelectrophoresed under reducing conditions, blotted on PVDF membranes anddetected with a polyclonal rabbit anti-THSD7A antibody. All fivereactive sera from patients with MN immunoprecipitated the targetantigen from HGE (MN 1 to MN 5), whereas one non-reactive MN serum (MN9) as well as one serum from a healthy control patient did not. Noimmunoprecipitation occured when serum was replaced by water in theexperiment.

FIG. 3: Relationship between anti-THSD7A antibodies and the clinicalcourse of MN patients. Results of western blotting of equal volumes ofhuman glomerular extract (HGE) with serial serum samples from onepatient with membranous nephropathy. After an initial decrease inproteinuria, the patient developed severe edema and heavy proteinuria inSeptember 2012. Immunosuppressive treatment with cyclosporine A andsteroids was initiated and the proteinuria decreased until the patientreached partial remission in January 2014. This development of diseaseactivity is reflected by a decrease of the western blot signal afterinitiation of immunosuppressive treatment.

FIG. 4: Molecular architecture of the large THSD7A protein (1657 aminoacids). The TSHD7A protein consists of a large extracellular partcontaining a signal peptide, at least ten thrombospondin type 1 repeats(several of which contain tryptophan-rich sequences) and one RGD motif,a transmembrane domain starting at the amino acid residue 1608 and ashort intracellular tail.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The inventors highlighted the presence of autoantibodies in patientssuffering from idiopathic membranous nephropathy that are reactive to anew autoantigen, the Thrombospondin Type I Domain Containing 7A (THSD7A)protein.

These autoantibodies are present in sera of about 15% of patientssuffering from idiopathic membranous nephropathy that do not presentanti-PLA2R1 autoantibodies. That represents about 5-10% of the totalpopulation of patients suffering from membranous nephropathy.

The inventors showed that the majority of anti-THSD7A autoantibodiesfound in patients are of the IgG4 subclass; subclasses IgG3, IgG2, andIgG1 are also found.

DEFINITIONS

The term “membranous nephropathy” has its general meaning in the art andrefers to a renal disease which is a frequent cause of adult nephroticsyndrome. It encompasses secondary membranous nephropathies that arecaused by secondary factors such as systemic lupus erythematosus,hepatitis B, or syphilis (. . . ), and primary autoimmune membranousnephropathy, also called “idiopathic membranous nephropathy. “Idiopathicmembranous nephropathy” is considered to be an autoimmune diseasetargeting the glomerulus, the major known target antigen being theautoantigen PLA2R1.

All diseases, disorders and symptoms disclosed herein have the generalmeaning accepted in the art, as evidenced by textbooks, at the time ofthe filing of the present application,

As used herein, the term “indicative of membranous nephropathy”, whenapplied to a process or event, refers to a process or event which is adiagnostic of membranous nephropathy, such that the process or event isfound significantly more often in patients afflicted with membranousnephropathy than in healthy subjects and/or in patients suffering from adisease other than membranous nephropathy.

The terms “biomarker” and “marker” are used herein interchangeably. Theyrefer to a substance that is a distinctive indicator of a biologicalprocess, biological event, and/or pathologic condition. According to theinvention, the THSD7A protein (or a THSD7A polypeptide) and anyantibody-binding fragment thereof and anti-THSD7A autoantibodies arebiomarkers of membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy.

The terms “protein”, “polypeptide”, and “peptide” are used hereininterchangeably, and refer to amino acid sequences of a variety oflengths, either in their neutral (uncharged) forms or as salts, andeither unmodified or modified by glycosylation, side chain oxidation,phosphorylation, citrullination or transglutamination. In certainembodiments, the amino acid sequence is a full-length native protein. Inother embodiments, the amino acid sequence is a smaller fragment of thefull-length protein. In still other embodiments, the amino acid sequenceis modified by additional substituents attached to the amino acid sidechains, such as N- or C-terminal added protein tags, glycosyl units,lipids, or inorganic ions such as phosphates, as well as modificationsrelating to chemical conversion of the chains such as oxidation ofsulfhydryl groups. Thus, the term “protein” (or its equivalent terms) isintended to include the amino acid sequence of the full-length nativeprotein, or a fragment thereof, subject to those modifications that donot significantly change its specific properties. In particular, theterm “protein” encompasses protein isoforms, i.e., variants that areencoded by the same gene, but that differ in their pI or MW, or both.Such isoforms can differ in their amino acid sequence (e.g., as a resultof alternative splicing or limited proteolysis), or in the alternative,may arise from differential post-translational modification (e.g.,glycosylation, acylation, phosphorylation).

The term THSD7A (Thrombospondin Type I Domain Containing 7A) has itsgeneral meaning in the art and refers to a protein of 1657 amino acidshighly expressed on podocytes and involved in endothelial cell migrationand filopodia formation during angiogenesis via a FAK-dependentmechanism. The term may include naturally occurring THSD7A and variantsand modified forms thereof. THSD7A may be from any source, but typicallyis a mammalian (e.g., human and non-human primate or other mammalianspecies) THSD7A, particularly a human THSD7A. An exemplary human nativeTHSD7A amino acid sequence is provided in Q9UPZ6 (UniProt database) andNP_056019 (GenPept database, precursor sequence) and an exemplary humannative THSD7A mRNA sequence is provided in NM_015204 (GenBank database,precursor sequence). The structure of THSD7A protein is illustrated inFIG. 4.

As used herein, the expression “fragment of THSD7A” refers to acontinuous element of THSD7A. Typically, said fragment is a biologicallyactive fragment, i.e it comprises one or more functional properties ofTHSD7A.

In the context of the present invention, a “fragment” of THSD7Acomprises, preferably consists of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 94%, at least96%, at least 98%, at least 99% of the entire amino acid sequence ofTHSD7A.

Preferably, said fragment comprises at least 100, at least 200, at least300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least800, at least 900, at least 1000, at least 1100, at least 1120, at least1250, at least 1300, at least 1400, at least 1500, at least 1600, atleast 1620, at least 1640 amino acids of the entire amino acid sequenceof THSD7A.

Preferably, said fragment is recognized by an autoantibody directedagainst THSD7A. Determining the ability of the fragment to interact withsaid autoantibodies can be accomplished by one of the methods describedabove or known in the art for determining direct binding.

The term PLA2R1 (secretory phospholipase A2 receptor, also known asPLA2R1) has its general meaning in the art and herein refers to theM-type phospholipase A2 receptor, a receptor encoded in humans by thePLA2R1 gene, particularly known as a major antigen in idiopathicmembranous nephropathy. An exemplary human native PLA2R1 amino acidsequence is provided in NP_001007268 (GenPept database) and an exemplaryhuman native THSD7A mRNA sequence is provided in NM_001007267 (GenBankdatabase). It is noteworthy that all reference to database such as codesor accession numbers disclosed herein refer to the versions availableonline on Jul. 24, 2014.

The term “PLA2R1-negative patient” or “THSD7A-negative patient” refersto a patient whose serum contains no autoantibodies (or at least nodetectable autoantibodies) directed against PLA2R1 or THSD7A,respectively. Conversely, “PLA2R1-positive patient” or “THSD7A-positivepatient” refers to a patient whose serum contains autoantibodiesdirected against PLA2R1 or THSD7A respectively.

The term “autoantibody” has its general meaning in the art and refers toan antibody that is produced by the immune system of a subject (orpatient) and that is directed against subject's (or patient's) ownproteins (for example THSD7A). Autoantibodies may attack the body's owncells, tissues, and/or organs, causing inflammation and cell injury. Theterms “autoantibody recognizing THSD7A” can be used interchangeably with“anti-THSD7A autoantibody”.

The term “antibody-binding fragment”, when used herein in connectionwith an antigen (e.g. THSD7A), refers to a fragment of the antigen thatretains the ability of the antigen to bind an antibody to form anantibody-antigen complex. In particular, an antibody-binding fragment ofan antigen of the present invention retains the ability to bindautoantibodies specific to membranous nephropathy. Suitableantibody-binding fragments of an antigen may be identified by oneskilled in the art by simple trials to ascertain their ability to bindspecific autoantibodies of membranous nephropathy.

As used herein, the term “patient” refers to a human subject or anothermammal subject (e.g., primate, dog, cat, goat, horse, pig, mouse, rat,rabbit, and the liked), that can be afflicted with a membranousnephropathy, particularly an idiopathic membranous nephropathy.Preferably, the patient is a human patient. More preferably, saidpatient is suspected to be afflicted with a membranous nephropathy,particularly an idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

The term “biological sample” is used herein in its broadest sense. Abiological sample is generally obtained for a subject. Said subject ismammal, preferably human. Typically, biological sample is generallyobtained from a patient. Typically, said sample comprises arepresentative set of autoantibodies.

A sample may be of any biological tissue or fluid with whichbiomarker(s) of the present invention may be assayed. Such samplesinclude, but are not limited to, bodily fluids which may or may notcontain cells, e.g., blood (e.g., whole blood, serum or plasma). Suchsamples also include biopsies (for example kidney biopsy). The termbiological sample also encompasses any material derived by processing abiological sample. Derived materials include, but are not limited to,cells (or their progeny) isolated from the sample or proteins extractedfrom the sample. Processing of a biological sample may involve one ormore of: filtration, distillation, extraction, concentration,inactivation of interfering components, addition of reagents, and thelike.

In the context of the present invention, the term “control”, when usedto characterize a subject, refers to a subject that is healthy or to apatient that has been diagnosed with a specific disease other than renaldisease. The term “control sample” refers to one, or more than onesample, that has been obtained from a healthy subject or from a patientdiagnosed with a disease other than renal disorder.

The terms “normal” and “healthy” are used herein interchangeably. Theyrefer to a subject that has not shown any symptom associated with renaldisorder, and that has not been diagnosed with membranous nephropathy orother nephropathy. Preferably, a normal subject is not on medicationaffecting renal system and has not been diagnosed with any otherdisease. In certain embodiments, normal subjects have similar sex, age,and/or body mass index as compared with the subject from which thebiological sample to be tested was obtained. The term “normal” is alsoused herein to qualify a sample obtained from a healthy subject.

As used herein, the term “reference level” refers to a level measured ina biological sample obtained from a control or preferably to an averageof several levels measured in biological samples obtained from severalcontrols.

As used herein, the term “diagnosis”, “diagnosing” or “diagnostic” isused on its broadest sense and encompasses diagnosis, prognosis,theragnosis and monitoring in membranous nephropathy.

As used herein, the term “treat” or treatment” refers to reducing oralleviating at least one adverse effect or symptom associated withmedical conditions that are associated with membranous nephropathy,particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy. These include reducingthe amount of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies, reducing, inhibiting orstopping the production of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies, suppression ofthe immune system, and reducing the inflammation and degradation/damageassociated with the activities of the autoantibodies when they are boundto the kidney glomeruli.

As used herein, the term “theragnosis” refers to the identification, forexample by diagnostic methods, of patients who might benefit from aparticular therapy.

As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers tothat amount of active agent that can reduce the amount of solubleanti-THSD7A autoantibodies. The amount reduction is at least 10%,particularly at least 20%, more particularly at least 40%, preferably atleast 60%, more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least95%, reduction in the autoantibodies compared to the amount ofautoantibodies present in the serum prior to the start of a treatment.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to theactive agent of the invention (e.g. a THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof, a vector expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof, or a host cell expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof, as described below) in combination with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier of chemicals and compounds commonly used in thepharmaceutical industry.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Methods and Kits Based on Detection ofAnti-THSD7A Autoantibodies Diagnostic Methods

Thus, a first object of the invention relates to an in vitro method fordiagnosing and/or prognosing membranous nephropathy, more particularlyidiopathic membranous nephropathy, in a patient, said method comprisingthe step of detecting in a biological sample obtained from said patientone or more autoantibodies recognizing the THSD7A protein.

In a preferred embodiment, the biological sample is a blood sample(including whole blood, serum or plasma). Preferably, the biologicalsample is serum or plasma. In one embodiment, the in vitro method fordiagnosing and/or prognosing a membranous nephropathy, particularlyidiopathic membranous nephropathy, in a patient, comprises the steps of:

-   -   (i) Contacting a biological sample obtained from said patient        with a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment        thereof, and    -   (ii) Detecting any antigen-antibody complex formed,        wherein the presence of an antigen-antibody complex is        indicative of membranous nephropathy.

In one embodiment of the invention, the THSD7A polypeptide or anantibody-binding fragment thereof may be from different mammalianspecies, particularly human, non-human primate, pig, rabbit, or mouse.

In one embodiment, the THSD7A polypeptide may be a full THSD7A protein.

In one embodiment of the invention, an antibody-binding fragment maycomprise or consist of the full extracellular domain of THSD7A or afragment thereof constituted by one or several of its distinctthrombospondin type I domains and/or linker stalks of THSD7A.

The THSD7A polypeptides and more generally all biomarkers of the presentinvention may be prepared by any suitable method, including recombinantmethods. Such methods, as described, for example, in “The Proteins”(Vol. II, 3rd Ed., H. Neurath et al. (Eds.), 1976, Academic Press: NewYork, NY, pp. 105-237) may also be used to synthesize the biomarkers ofthe invention.

In certain embodiments, a polypeptide/protein biomarker of the invention(e.g. THSD7A polypeptide) is immobilized onto a solid carrier or support(e.g., a bead or array). Therefore, in this embodiment, the method ofthe invention involves the use of a device coated with the THSD7Apolypeptide or a fragment thereof. Typically, said device is a medicaldevice or a diagnostic device, preferably a diagnostic device.

Typically, in the context of the invention the THSD7A polypeptide or afragment thereof is immobilized onto said device.

The diagnostic methods of the present invention involve detection of anantigen-antibody complex formed between the biomarker of the invention(e.g. THSD7A polypeptide) and an autoantibody present in the biologicalsample tested. This detection is indicative of the presence ofautoantibodies (namely anti-THSD7A autoantibodies) in said sample.

In the practice of the invention, detection of such a complex may beperformed by any suitable method (see, for example, E. Harlow and A.Lane, “Antibodies: A Laboratories Manual”, 1988, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

For example, detection of an antigen-antibody complex may be performedusing an immunoassay. A wide range of immunoassay techniques isavailable, including radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassays (EIA),enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunofluorescenceimmunoprecipitation, and line blot. Immunoassays are well known in theart and falls within the general knowledge of the person skilled in theart. Methods for carrying out such assays as well as practicalapplications and procedures are summarized in textbooks. Examples ofsuch textbooks include P. Tijssen, In: Practice and theory of enzymeimmunoassays, eds. R. H. Burdon and v. P. H. Knippenberg, Elsevier,Amsterdam (1990), pp. 221-278 and various volumes of Methods inEnzymology, Eds. S. P. Colowick et al, Academic Press, dealing withimmunological detection methods, especially volumes 70, 73, 74, 84, 92and 121. Immunoassays may be competitive or non-competitive. Forexample, any of a number of variations of the sandwich assay techniquemay be used to perform an immunoassay. Briefly, in a typical sandwichassay applied to the detection of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies accordingto the present invention, an unlabeled THSD7A polypeptide (biomarker) isimmobilized on a solid surface (as described above) and the biologicalsample to be tested is brought into contact with the bound biomarker fora time and under conditions allowing formation of an antigen-antibodycomplex. Preferably, the formation of antigen-antibody complex is doneunder non-reducing conditions.

Following incubation, an antibody that is labeled with a detectablemoiety and that specifically recognizes antibodies from the speciestested (e.g., an anti-human IgG for human subjects) is added andincubated under conditions allowing the formation of a ternary complexbetween any biomarker-bound autoantibody and the labeled antibody. Anyunbound material is washed away, and the presence of any anti-THSD7Aautoantibody in the sample is determined by observation/detection of thesignal directly or indirectly produced by the detectable moiety.Variations on this assay include an assay, in which both the biologicalsample and the labeled antibody are added simultaneously to theimmobilized THSD7A-protein/polypeptide biomarker.

The second antibody (i.e., the antibody added in a sandwich assay asdescribed above) may be labeled with any detectable moiety, i.e., anyentity which, by its chemical nature, provides an analyticallyidentifiable signal allowing detection of the ternary complex, andconsequently detection of the biomarker-antibody complex.

Detection may be either qualitative or quantitative. Methods forlabeling biological molecules such as antibodies are well-known in theart (see, for example, “Affinity Techniques. Enzyme Purification: PartB”, Methods in Enzymol, 1974, Vol. 34, W. B. Jakoby and M. Wilneck(Eds.), Academic Press: New York, N.Y.; and M. Wilchek and E. A. Bayer,Anal. Biochem., 1988, 171 : 1-32). The most commonly used detectablemoieties in immunoassays are enzymes and fluorophores. In the case of anenzyme immunoassay (EIA or ELISA), an enzyme such as horseradishperodixase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase,and the like, is conjugated to the second antibody, generally by meansof glutaraldehyde or periodate. The substrates to be used with thespecific enzymes are generally chosen for the production of a detectablecolor change, upon hydrolysis of the corresponding enzyme. In the caseof immunofluorescence, the second antibody is chemically coupled to afluorescent moiety without alteration of its binding capacity. Afterbinding of the fluorescently labeled antibody to the biomarker-antibodycomplex and removal of any unbound material, the fluorescent signalgenerated by the fluorescent moiety is detected, and optionallyquantified. Alternatively, the second antibody may be labeled with aradioisotope, a chemiluminescent moiety, or a bioluminescent moiety.

Typically, in the context of the invention, the THSD7A polypeptide is anisolated polypeptide or a recombinant polypeptide.

As mentioned above, the biomarkers of the invention are specificallyrecognized by the sera of a population of patients afflicted with amembranous nephropathy, more specifically an idiopathic membranousnephropathy, and in particular by sera of patients afflicted with amembranous nephropathy who do not have anti-PLA2R1 autoantibodies.

Thus, in a particular embodiment of the invention, said patient is aPLA2R-negative patient.

The patient has also been tested negative for all usual causes ofmembranous nephropathy, for example, systemic lupus erythematosus,hepatitis B and syphilis.

Currently, there is no non-invasive method available for the diagnosisof membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy, for PLA2R1-negative patients. Said patients thus have toundergo a kidney biopsy.

Conversely, the method of the invention is highly promising since itcould exonerate from the need of performing invasive techniques, inTHSD7A negative patients, as well as in THSD7A-positive patients.

In a particular embodiment, said patient did not and/or will not undergoa kidney biopsy.

Said method may also be applied in parallel to the diagnostic method ofmembranous nephropathy based on the detection of anti-PLA2R1autoantibodies (described in the patent application WO2010/009457) andadditional biomarkers of membranous nephropathy, for example biomarkersof secondary membranous nephropathies, may be assessed. Examples of suchbiomarkers include, but are not limited to antinuclear antibodies (ANA),anti-hepatitis B antigens and rapid plasma reagin (RPR).

Results obtained using said diagnostic method may be compared to and/orcombined with clinical data, results from other tests, assays orprocedures performed for the diagnosis of membranous nephropathy. Suchcomparison and/or combination may help provide a more refine diagnosis.

Prognostic Methods and Monitoring of Treatment of Membranous Nephropathy

The inventors also showed a correlation between the presence and levelof anti-THS7A autoantibodies and effectiveness of treatment, remissionor relapse of patients with membranous nephropathy, more specificallyidiopathic membranous nephropathy.

Current treatments used for membranous nephropathy, particularlyidiopathic membranous nephropathy, are immunosuppressive therapy, forexample, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, azathioprine, infliximab, omalizumab,daclizumab, adalimumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, natalizumab, omalizumaband rapamycin. It also includes cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, andrituximab.

Thus, a further object of the invention relates to an in vitro methodfor assessing the effectiveness of a treatment for membranousnephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy, in apatient, comprising:

-   -   (i) determining at a first time point a level of anti-THSD7A        autoantibodies in said sample obtained from said patient at said        first time point,    -   (ii) determining at a second time point a level of anti-THSD7A        autoantibodies in said sample obtained from said patient at said        second time point, and    -   (iii) comparing the levels of autoantibodies of the two time        points,        wherein:    -   a decrease in the level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies in the        second time point compared to the first time point indicates        that the treatment is effective, and/or    -   an increase in the level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies in the        second time point compared to the first time point indicates        that the treatment is not effective.

The method of the invention is preferably performed for patients thathave been diagnosed for membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathicmembranous nephropathy and that are THSD7A-positive patients.

In the practice of the invention, determination of the level ofanti-THSD7A autoantibodies may be performed by any suitable quantitativemethod, for example as described above (see, for example, E. Harlow andA. Lane, “Antibodies: A Laboratories Manual”, 1988, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Particularly, the level of theanti-THSD7A autoantibodies can be detected by an immunoassay wherein anantigen-antibody complex is formed.

As explained above, the patient has typically initially been diagnosedwith membranous nephropathy and has a detectable amount of anti-THSD7Aautoantibodies. Upon treatment, for example, with immunosuppressivetherapy, over time, a decrease in the amount of detectable anti-THSD7Aautoantibodies is observed in case of effective treatment.

The treatment is considered to be effective when a decrease of at least10%, particularly at least 20%, more particularly at least 30%, evenmore particularly at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, more preferablyat least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, still even morepreferably at least 80%, of the level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies isobserved. This generally indicates a good prognosis.

In an ideal case, the amount of autoantibodies should fall below thedetectable level of the detection methods described herein and thepatient is deemed to be in remission for the disorder.

Conversely, the treatment is considered to be ineffective when levelbetween the first and the second time point is stable or increases by atleast 5%, particularly at least 10%, more particularly at least 20%,even more particularly at least 30%, still even more particularly atleast 40%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, evenmore preferably at least 70%, still even more preferably at least 80% ormore of the initial level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies.

Several situations may be observed.

In one embodiment, no anti-THSD7A autoantibodies are detected at thesecond time point. This indicates that the patient is deemed to be inremission.

In another embodiment, a stable level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies isobserved: the levels obtained at the first and the second time pointsare comparably similar within statistical analysis variances, with adeviation between about a 1-5% deviation, preferably a 1-3% deviation.This indicates a stable disease wherein the treatment has been ofinsufficient duration (so it should be continued if clinicallyindicated) or is non-effective.

In another embodiment, an increased level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodiesis observed at the second time point compared to the first time pointand the first time point had detectable anti-THSD7A autoantibodies. Thisindicates a worsening of the disease and/or lack of efficient treatment.An increase of at least 30%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably atleast 100%, even more preferably at least 200% is considered to indicatea worsening of the situation and a poor prognosis.

In another embodiment, an increased level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodiesis observed at the second time point compared to the first one and thefirst time point had no detectable anti-THSD7A autoantibodies. Thisindicates that the patient has relapsed and that the membranousnephropathy has recurred.

According to the invention, the second time point is chosen later thanthe first time point. The first and second time points may bestrategically chosen, for example with regard to the therapeuticstrategy and for the follow-up of a patient who is at risk to develop amembranous nephropathy, particularly an idiopathic membranousnephropathy, or who already suffered from a membranous nephropathy,particularly an idiopathic membranous nephropathy, and is at risk torelapse.

For example, the first time point may be before administration of anytreatment to the patient and second time point could be placed at amoment when the treatment should show an effect, or at the end oftreatment, and the assay may be repeated later.

The assay thus may be reproduced several times; the anti-THSD7Aautoantibodies level may be assessed at more than two time points. Thecomparison of step (iii) has to be done with the first time point orwith the previous time point. An improvement of the patient health andan effectiveness of treatment are indicated when a global decrease ofanti-THSD7A autoantibodies level is observed during time. Conversely, adegradation of the patient health and an ineffectiveness of treatmentare indicated when no decrease of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies level isobserved during time, particularly when a global increase is observed. Areappearance of detectable anti-THSD7A autoantibodies after a period ofno-detectable anti-THSD7A autoantibodies is indicative of a relapse.

The assay used is identical for all the samples collected from thepatient at the different time points.

In a case of ineffective treatment, the therapeutic strategy has to beadapted.

In view of what is described above, the in vitro method for assessingthe effectiveness of a treatment for membranous nephropathy,particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy, in a patient alsoconstitutes a method for prognosing membranous nephropathy, particularlyidiopathic membranous nephropathy, in a patient.

Kits

In another aspect, the present invention provides kits comprisingmaterials useful for carrying out methods according to the presentinvention. The diagnosis procedures provided herein may be performed bydiagnostic laboratories, experimental laboratories, or practitioners.The invention provides kits that can be used in these differentsettings.

Materials and reagents for detecting THSD7A autoantibodies in abiological sample and/or for diagnosing membranous nephropathy in apatient according to the present invention may be assembled together ina kit. Each kit of the invention comprises at least oneprotein/polypeptide biomarker of the invention preferably in an amountthat is suitable for detection of autoantibodies in a biological sample.

Thus, a further object of the invention relates to a kit for detectingautoantibodies recognizing THSD7A in a biological sample obtained from apatient, said kit comprising:

-   -   a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment thereof,        and    -   a reagent for detection of an antigen-antibody complex formed        between an autoantigen, preferably a THSD7A polypeptide or an        antibody-binding fragment thereof and an autoantibody,        preferably an autoantibody directed against THSD7A present in        the biological sample.

According to the invention, the reagent permits to detect anautoantibody present in said biological sample wherein the autoantibodyis an anti-THSD7A autoantibody that is indicative of membranousnephropathy.

In the context of the invention, said THSD7A polypeptide is a mammalianTHSD7A polypeptide/protein or an antibody-binding fragment thereof,preferably a human THSD7A polypeptide/protein or an antibody-bindingfragment thereof, particularly comprising or consisting of theextracellular domain of THSD7A or a fragment thereof constituted by oneor several of its distinct thrombospondin type I domains and/or linkerstalks.

In one embodiment of the invention, the THSD7A polypeptide or anantibody-binding fragment thereof may be from different mammalianspecies, particularly from human, non-human primate, pig, rabbit, ormouse.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a kit of the invention asdescribed above for diagnosing membranous nephropathy in a patient.

In one embodiment, said kit further comprises a PLA2R1 polypeptide or anantibody-binding fragment thereof.

In the context of the invention, said PLA2R1 polypeptide is a mammalianPLA2R1 polypeptide/protein and an antibody-binding fragment thereof,preferably a human PLA2R1 polypeptide/protein and an antibody-bindingfragment thereof.

In one embodiment of the invention, the PLA2R1 polypeptide or anantibody-binding fragment thereof may be from different mammalianspecies, particularly from human, non-human primate, pig, rabbit, ormouse.

The reagent for detection of an antigen-antibody complex formed betweenthe autoantigen marker and an autoantibody present in the biologicalsample, also permits to detect an anti-PLA2R1 autoantibody that isindicative of membranous nephropathy (further to anti-THSD7Aautoantibody).

In another embodiment, said kit may further comprise at least oneadditional biomarker of membranous nephropathy, for example biomarkersof secondary membranous nephropathies (such as ANA, anti-hepatitis Bantigens, rapid plasma reagin . . . ).

The polypeptide biomarker(s) included in a kit of the invention may ormay not be immobilized on the substrate surface (e.g., beads, array, andthe like).

Thus, in an aspect, the invention further relates to a device coatedwith the THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof. Typically, saiddevice is a medical device or a diagnostic device, preferably adiagnostic device.

Preferably, said device is used in a method for diagnosing and/orprognosing a membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy. Typically, in the context of the invention, the THSD7Apolypeptide or a fragment thereof is immobilized onto said device.

Methods for immobilizing polypeptide molecules onto a solid surface areknown in the art. A polypeptide/protein may be immobilized by beingeither covalently or passively bound to the surface of a solid carrieror support. Examples of suitable carrier or support materials include,but are not limited to, agarose, cellulose, nitrocellulose, dextran,Sephadex, Sepharose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylamides,polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, filter paper, magnetite,ion-exchange resin, glass, polyamine-methyl-vinyl-ether-maleic acidcopolymer, amino acid copolymer, ethylene-maleic acid copolymer, nylon,silk, and the like. Immobilization of a polypeptide/protein biomarker onthe surface of a solid carrier or support may involve crosslinking,covalent binding or physical adsorption, using methods well known in theart. The solid carrier or support may be in the form of a bead, aparticle, a microplate well, an array, a cuvette, a tube, a membrane, orany other shape suitable for conducting a diagnostic method according tothe invention (e.g., using an immunoassay).

Thus, in preferred embodiments, a kit of the invention includes an arrayfor diagnosing membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathicmembranous nephropathy, as provided herein. Alternatively, a substratesurface may be included in a kit of the invention for immobilization ofthe biomarkers of the invention.

A kit of the invention also comprises at least one reagent for thedetection of a biomarker-antibody complex formed between the peptidebiomarker (for example THSD7A and/or PLA2R) included in the kit and anautoantibody present in a biological sample. Such a reagent may be, forexample, a labelled antibody that specifically recognizes antibodiesfrom the species tested (e.g., an anti- human IgG, particularly IgG4,IgG3, IgG2, and IgG1 preferably IgG4, for human subjects), as describedabove.

In one embodiment, said labelled antibody recognizes all forms of humanIgG.

In another embodiment, said labelled antibody particularly recognizesthe human IgG4 subclass.

Depending on the procedure, the kit may further comprise one or more ofthe following: extraction buffer and/or reagents, blocking buffer and/orreagents, immunodetection buffer and/or reagents, labeling buffer and/orreagents, and detection means. Protocols for using these buffers andreagents for performing different steps of the procedure may be includedin the kit. The different reagents included in the kit of the inventionmay be supplied in a solid (e.g., lyophilized) or liquid form. The kitsof the present invention may optionally comprise different containers(e.g., vial, ampoule, test tube, flask or bottle) for each individualbuffer and/or reagent. Each component will generally be suitable asaliquoted in its respective container or provided in a concentratedform. Other containers suitable for conducting certain steps of thedisclosed methods may also be provided. The individual containers of thekit are preferably maintained in close confinement for commercial sale.

In certain embodiments, a kit comprises instructions for using itscomponents for the diagnosis of membranous nephropathy, in particularidiopathic membranous nephropathy, in a patient according to a method ofthe invention. Instructions for using the kit according to methods ofthe invention may comprise instructions for processing the biologicalsample obtained from the patient and/or for performing the test, and/orinstructions for interpreting the results. A kit may also contain anotice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating themanufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products.

In a particular embodiment, the invention provides an array or proteinarray for the diagnosis of membranous nephropathy, particularlyidiopathic membranous nephropathy, comprising, immobilized to itssurface, at least the THSD7A polypeptide biomarker of the invention.Preferably, the array comprises more than one polypeptide/proteinbiomarker of the invention and thus also comprises PLA2R1 polypeptidebiomarker, suitable for the detection of PLA2R-positive patients. Thearray may further comprise at least one additional biomarker ofmembranous nephropathy for example biomarkers of secondary membranousnephropathies (such as ANA, anti-hepatitis B antigens, rapid plasmareagin . . . ).

In another particular embodiment, the present invention also provides aprotein bead suspension array for the diagnosis of membranousnephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy. This beadsuspension array comprises a suspension of one or more identifiabledistinct particles or beads, wherein each bead contains coding featuresrelating to its size, color or fluorescence signature and wherein eachbead is coated with a polypeptide/protein biomarker of the presentinvention.

A still further object of the invention relates to the use of a kit, anarray or a bead of the invention for diagnosing membranous nephropathy,in particular idiopathic membranous nephropathy, in a patient.

In one embodiment, said kit, array or bead of the invention comprises

-   -   a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment thereof,        and    -   a reagent for detection of an antigen-antibody complex formed        between    -   the autoantigen marker and an autoantibody present in the        biological sample, and can be used according to the methods of        the invention.

Said kit, array or bead of the invention may also be used for assessingthe effectiveness of a treatment for membranous nephropathy,particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy, in a patient and forprogno sing membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy, in a patient.

In a particular embodiment, said patient has been previously assessedfor the presence of autoantibodies recognizing PLA2R1 and is negativefor said autoantibodies. The patient has also been tested negative forall usual causes of membranous nephropathy, for example, systemic lupuserythematosus, hepatitis B and syphilis.

In that case, the kit or array of the invention used for diagnosingmembranous nephropathy in said patient comprises neither PLA2R1polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment thereof nor any otherbiomarker of membranous nephropathy.

Diagnostic Methods and Kits Based on the Detection of THSD7A Autoantigen

The inventors showed that the autoantigen THSD7A is overexpressed inkidney of patients afflicted with a membranous nephropathy, particularlywith an idiopathic membranous nephropathy (particularly in patientshaving THSD7A autoantibodies).

So, a further object of the invention relates to the use of THSD7A as abiomarker of membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy.

The invention thus relates to an in vitro method for diagnosing and/orprognosing membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy in a patient, comprising the step of determining the THSD7Alevel in a biological sample obtained from said patient.

According to the invention, said in vitro method for diagnosing and/orprognosing membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy in a patient also encompasses the monitoring of membranousnephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy in apatient.

According to the invention, the THSD7A level encompasses THSD7A proteinlevel and mRNA protein level.

In a particular embodiment, said patient is a PLA2R-negative patient.

In one embodiment, said method may also be applied in parallel to thediagnostic method of membranous nephropathy based on the detection ofanti-PLA2R1 autoantibodies and additional biomarkers of membranousnephropathy.

In another embodiment, said biological sample is preferably a bloodsample or a kidney biopsy.

Diagnostic method based on detection of THSD7A protein level

In one embodiment, the invention relates to an in vitro method fordiagnosing and/or prognosing membranous nephropathy, particularlyidiopathic membranous nephropathy in a patient, comprising the step ofdetermining the level of THSD7A protein in a biological sample obtainedfrom said patient.

In a particular embodiment, said method comprises the following steps:

-   -   (i) Measuring the level of THSD7A protein in a biological sample        obtained from said patient,    -   (ii) Comparing said level to a reference level,        wherein an increased level of THSD7A protein compared to said        reference level is indicative of a membranous nephropathy,        particularly an idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

Preferably, the biological sample is a blood sample or a kidney biopsy.

Typically, an increased level of THSD7A protein corresponds to anincrease of at least 20%, preferably at least 50% of the protein levelmeasured in a control sample.

THSD7A level can be measured by different methods well known in the art.

In a particular embodiment, the methods of the invention comprisecontacting the biological sample with a binding partner capable ofselectively interacting with the biomarkers (e.g. THSD7A) present in thebiological sample.

The binding partner may be an antibody that may be polyclonal ormonoclonal, preferably monoclonal. In another embodiment, the bindingpartner may be an aptamer.

Polyclonal antibodies of the invention or a fragment thereof can beraised according to known methods by administering the appropriateantigen or epitope to a host animal selected, e.g., from pigs, cows,horses, rabbits, goats, sheep, and mice, among others. Various adjuvantsknown in the art can be used to enhance antibody production. Althoughantibodies useful in practicing the invention can be polyclonal,monoclonal antibodies are preferred.

Monoclonal antibodies of the invention or a fragment thereof can beprepared and isolated by using any technique that provides theproduction of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture.Techniques for production and isolation include but are not limited tothe hybridoma technique originally described by Kohler and Milstein(1975); the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Cote et al., 1983); andthe EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al. 1985).

Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chainantibodies (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778) can be adapted to producesingle chain antibodies directed against biomarkers of the invention.Antibodies useful in practicing the present invention also includeanti-biomarkers fragments including but not limited to F(ab′)₂fragments, which can be generated by pepsin digestion of an intactantibody molecule, and Fab fragments, which can be generated by reducingthe disulfide bridges of the F(ab′)₂ fragments. Alternatively, Faband/or scFv expression libraries can be constructed to allow rapididentification of fragments having the desired specificity to biomarkersof the invention. For example, phage display of antibodies may be used.In such a method, single-chain Fv (scFv) or Fab fragments are expressedon the surface of a suitable bacteriophage, e. g., M13. Briefly, spleencells of a suitable host, e. g., mouse, that has been immunized with aprotein are removed. The coding regions of the VL and VH chains areobtained from those cells that are producing the desired antibodyagainst the protein. These coding regions are then fused to a terminusof a phage sequence. Once the phage is inserted into a suitable carrier,e. g., bacteria, the phage displays the antibody fragment. Phage displayof antibodies may also be provided by combinatorial methods known tothose skilled in the art. Antibody fragments displayed by a phage maythen be used as part of an immunoassay. VHH may also be used.

Examples of commercially available monoclonal antibodies recognizingTHSD7A include those obtained from Abcam (ab121122), Novus Biologicals(NBP1-93612), Abnova Corporation (PAB20021), Atlas Antibodies(HPA000923) and Santa Cruz (sc-163453, sc-163455).

In another embodiment, the binding partner may be an aptamer. Aptamersare a class of molecules that represents an alternative to antibodies interm of molecular recognition. Aptamers are oligonucleotide oroligopeptide sequences with the capacity to recognize virtually anyclass of target molecules with high affinity and specificity. Suchligands may be isolated through Systematic Evolution of Ligands byEXponential enrichment (SELEX) of a random sequence library, asdescribed in Tuerk C. 1997. The random sequence library is obtainable bycombinatorial chemical synthesis of DNA. In this library, each member isa linear oligomer, eventually chemically modified, of a unique sequence.Possible modifications, uses and advantages of this class of moleculeshave been reviewed in Jayasena S. D., 1999. Peptide aptamers consist ofconformationally constrained antibody variable regions displayed by aplatform protein, such as E. coli Thioredoxin A, that are selected fromcombinatorial libraries by two hybrid methods (Colas et al., 1996).

The binding partners of the invention such as antibodies or aptamers maybe labelled with a detectable molecule or substance, such as afluorescent molecule, a radioactive molecule or any others labels knownin the art. Labels are known in the art that generally provide (eitherdirectly or indirectly) a signal.

As used herein, the term “labelled”, with regard to the antibody, isintended to encompass direct labelling of the antibody or aptamer bycoupling (i.e., physically slinking) a detectable substance, such as aradioactive agent or a fluorophore (e.g. fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC) or phycoerythrin (PE) or Indocyanine (Cy5)) to the antibody oraptamer, as well as indirect labelling of the probe or antibody byreactivity with a detectable substance. An antibody or aptamer of theinvention may be labelled with a radioactive molecule by any methodknown in the art. For example radioactive molecules include but are notlimited radioactive atom for scintigraphic studies such as I123, I124,InI 11, Rel86, Rel88.

The aforementioned assays may involve the binding of the binding partner(ie. antibody or aptamer) to a solid support. Solid supports which canbe used in the practice of the invention include substrates such asnitrocellulose (e. g., in membrane or microtiter well form);polyvinylchloride (e. g., sheets or microtiter wells); polystyrene latex(e.g., beads or microtiter plates); polyvinylidine fluoride; diazotizedpaper; nylon membranes; activated beads, magnetically responsive beads,and the like.

Biomarkers of the invention may be detected by using standardimmunodiagnostic techniques, including immunoassays such as competition,direct reaction, or sandwich type assays. Such assays include, but arenot limited to, agglutination tests; enzyme-labelled and mediatedimmunoassays, such as ELISAs; biotin/avidin type assays;radioimmunoassays; immunoelectrophoresis; immunoprecipitation.

More particularly, an ELISA method can be used, wherein the wells of amicrotiter plate are coated with a set of antibodies directed againstbiomarkers of the invention. A biological sample containing or suspectedof containing said biomarker(s) is then added to the coated wells. Aftera period of incubation sufficient to allow the formation ofantibody-antigen complexes, the plate(s) can be washed to remove unboundmoieties and a detectably labelled secondary binding molecule added. Thesecondary binding molecule is allowed to react with any captured samplemarker protein, the plate washed and the presence of the secondarybinding molecule detected using methods well known in the art.

Alternatively an immunohistochemistry (IHC) method may be used. IHCspecifically provides a method of detecting targets in a sample ortissue specimen in situ. The overall cellular integrity of the sample ismaintained in IHC, thus allowing detection of both the presence andlocation of the targets of interest. Typically, a sample is fixed withformalin, embedded in paraffin and cut into sections for staining andsubsequent inspection by light microscopy. Current methods of IHC useeither direct labeling or secondary antibody-based or hapten-basedlabeling. Examples of known IHC systems include, for example, EnVision™(DakoCytomation), Powervision® (Immunovision, Springdale, Ariz.), theNBA™ kit (Zymed Laboratories Inc., South San Francisco, Calif.),HistoFine® (Nichirei Corp, Tokyo, Japan).

In particular embodiment, a tissue section (i.e. a kidney biopsy sample)may be mounted on a slide or other support after incubation withantibodies recognizing the biomarkers of the invention (e.g. anti-THSD7Aantibodies). Then, microscopic inspections in the sample mounted on asuitable solid support may be performed. For the production ofphotomicrographs, sections comprising samples may be mounted on a glassslide or other planar support, to highlight by selective staining thepresence of biomarkers of the invention (e.g. THSD7A protein).

Therefore, IHC samples may include, for instance: (a) preparationscomprising fresh tissues or cells isolated form said tissues (b) fixedand embedded said tissue or cells samples and (c) detecting biomarkersof the invention (e.g. THSD7A protein) in said tissues or cells samples.In some embodiments, an IHC staining procedure may comprise steps suchas: cutting and trimming tissue, fixation, dehydration, paraffininfiltration, cutting in thin sections, mounting onto glass slides,baking, deparaffination, rehydration, antigen retrieval, blocking steps,applying primary antibody recognizing the biomarkers of the invention,washing, applying secondary antibody (optionally coupled to a suitabledetectable label), washing, counter staining, and microscopicexamination.

Detecting the biomarker(s) (with or without immunoassay-based methods)may also include separation of the compounds: centrifugation based onthe compound's molecular weight; electrophoresis based on mass andcharge; HPLC based on hydrophobicity; size exclusion chromatographybased on size; and solid-phase affinity based on the compound's affinityfor the particular solid-phase that is used. Once separated, biomarkersof the invention may be identified based on the known “separationprofile” e. g., retention time, for that compound and measured usingstandard techniques.

Alternatively, the separated compounds may be detected and measured by,for example, a mass spectrometer, especially when fragments or peptidesof the biomarker(s) are measured.

In another aspect, as described above, the present invention provideskits comprising materials useful for carrying out methods according tothe present invention. The diagnosis procedures provided herein may beperformed by diagnostic laboratories, experimental laboratories, orpractitioners. The invention provides kits that can be used in thesedifferent settings.

Materials and reagents for detecting THSD7A level (at mRNA or proteinlevel) in a biological sample and/or for diagnosing membranousnephropathy in a patient according to the present invention may beassembled together in a kit.

In one embodiment, a kit of the invention comprises at least an antibodyrecognizing THSD7A or other binding partner of THSD7A.

In a particular embodiment, said kit may further comprise at least anantibody recognizing PLA2R1 or other binding partner of PLA2R1.

In another particular embodiment, said kit may also comprise at leastone another antibody (or another binding partner) recognizing anotherbiomarker of membranous nephropathy, for example biomarkers of secondarymembranous nephropathies (such as ANA, anti-hepatitis B antigens, rapidplasma reagin . . . ).

The binding partner may be tagged for an easier detection. It may or maynot be immobilized on a substrate surface (e.g., beads, array, and thelike). For example, an inventive kit may include an array for diagnosingmembranous nephropathy as provided herein. Alternatively, a substratesurface (e.g. membrane) may be included in an inventive kit forimmobilization of the binding partner (e.g., via electrophoresis andtransfer to membrane).

In addition, a kit of the invention generally also comprises at leastone reagent for detection of a complex between a binding partnerincluded in the kit and biomarker of the invention.

Depending on the procedure, the kit may further comprise one or more of:extraction buffer and/or reagents, western blotting buffer and/orreagents, and detection means. Protocols for using these buffers andreagents for performing different steps of the procedure may be includedin the kit.

The different reagents included in a kit of the invention may besupplied in a solid (e.g. lyophilized) or liquid form. The kits of thepresent invention may optionally comprise different containers (e.g.,vial, ampoule, test tube, flask or bottle) for each individual bufferand/or reagent. Each component will generally be suitable as aliquotedin its respective container or provided in a concentrated form. Othercontainers suitable for conducting certain steps of the disclosedmethods may also be provided. The individual containers of the kit arepreferably maintained in close confinement for commercial sale. Incertain embodiments, a kit comprises instructions for using itscomponents for the diagnosis, prognosis or monitoring of membranousnephropathy in a patient according to a method of the invention.Instructions for using the kit according to methods of the invention maycomprise instructions for processing the biological sample obtained fromthe subject and/or for performing the test, or instructions forinterpreting the results. A kit may also contain a notice in the formprescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use orsale of pharmaceuticals or biological products.

Diagnostic Method Based on Detection of THSD7A mRNA Level

In another embodiment, the invention relates to an in vitro method fordiagnosing and/or prognosing membranous nephropathy, particularlyidiopathic membranous nephropathy in a patient, comprising the step ofdetermining the level of THSD7A expression in a biological sampleobtained from said patient.

In a particular embodiment, said method comprises the following steps:

-   -   (i) Measuring the level of THSD7A mRNA in a biological sample        obtained from said patient,    -   (ii) Comparing said level to a reference level,        wherein an increased level of THSD7A mRNA compared to said        reference level is indicative of a membranous nephropathy,        particularly an idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

Preferably, the biological sample is a blood sample or a kidney biopsy.

Typically, an increased level of THSD7A mRNA corresponds to an increaseof at least 20%, preferably at least 50% of the mRNA level measured in acontrol sample.

Methods for determining the quantity of mRNA are well known in the art.For example the nucleic acid contained in the samples (e.g., cell ortissue prepared from the patient) is first extracted according tostandard methods, for example using lytic enzymes or chemical solutionsor extracted by nucleic-acid-binding resins following the manufacturer'sinstructions. The extracted mRNA is then detected by hybridization (e.g., Northern blot analysis) and/or amplification (e.g., RT-PCR). In apreferred embodiment, the mRNA level of THSD7A is determined by RT-PCR,preferably quantitative or semi-quantitative RT-PCR, even morepreferably real-time quantitative or semi-quantitative RT-PCR.

Other methods of amplification include ligase chain reaction (LCR),transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), strand displacementamplification (SDA) and nucleic acid sequence based amplification(NASBA).

Nucleic acids having at least 10 nucleotides and exhibiting sequencecomplementarity or homology to the mRNA of interest herein find utilityas hybridization probes or amplification primers. It is understood thatsuch nucleic acids need not be identical, but are typically at leastabout 80% identical to the homologous region of comparable size, morepreferably 85% identical and even more preferably 90-95% identical. Incertain embodiments, it will be advantageous to use nucleic acids incombination with appropriate means, such as a detectable label, fordetecting hybridization. A wide variety of appropriate indicators areknown in the art including, fluorescent, radioactive, enzymatic or otherligands (e. g. avidin/biotin).

Probes typically comprise single-stranded nucleic acids of between 10 to1000 nucleotides in length, for instance of between 10 and 800, morepreferably of between 15 and 700, typically of between 20 and 500.Primers typically are shorter single-stranded nucleic acids, of between10 to 25 nucleotides in length, designed to perfectly or almostperfectly match a nucleic acid of interest, to be amplified. The probesand primers are “specific” to the nucleic acids they hybridize to, i.e.they preferably hybridize under high stringency hybridization conditions(corresponding to the highest melting temperature Tm, e.g., 50%formamide, 5× or 6× SCC. SCC is a 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M Na-citrate).

The nucleic acid primers or probes used in the above amplification anddetection method may be assembled as a kit. Such a kit includesconsensus primers and molecular probes. A preferred kit also includesthe components necessary to determine if amplification has occurred. Thekit may also include, for example, PCR buffers and enzymes; positivecontrol sequences, reaction control primers; and instructions foramplifying and detecting the specific sequences.

Therapeutic Methods of the Invention

The inventors highlighted that the THSD7A protein, which is expressed onpodocytes, is an autoantigen in certain cases of membranous nephropathy,which permits to envisage novel therapeutic approaches based ontargeting this autoantigen.

Indeed, as described in the prior art, in particular for PLA2R1, theimmune deposits resulting from autoantibodies binding to target antigenson podocyte foot can activate the complement system leading to podocyteinjury.

Thus, a further object of the invention relates to a method for treatingmembranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy,in a patient, the method comprising removing anti-THSD7A autoantibodiesfrom a sample in said patient ex vivo.

In one embodiment, the membranous nephropathy is an idiopathicmembranous nephropathy.

In another embodiment, the patient is a THSD7A-positive patient.

Preferably, the patient is a human patient.

The antibody can be removed from the blood by immunoabsorption with aTHSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof as an antigen. The sample isreturned back into the patient after the removal of antibodies.

The immunoabsorption of autoantibodies against THSD7A helps to reducethe amount of circulating autoantibodies, particularly circulatingTHSD7A autoantibodies and thereby reducing the potential damage to thekidney. This treatment can be applied initially after immunologicalconfirmation of the presence of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies and beforethe start of any immunosuppressive therapy. This is especially usefulduring this early period before the immunosuppressive therapy can havean effect on the immune system and production of autoantibody in thepatient. This treatment may also be applied at any time during thetreatment and after diagnosis of said patient as a positive-THSD7Apatient.

In one embodiment, immunoabsorption of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies canoccur by passing the blood, serum or plasma over an immobilized THSD7Apolypeptide. Recombinant THSD7A, preferably recombinant human THSD7A, orfragments can be immobilized on inert and sterile matrices that areknown in the art, such as Sepharose beads. The anti-THSD7Aautoantibodies will bind to the immobilized THSD7A polypeptide orfragments and remind bound to the matrix indirectly. The blood, serum orplasma is then collected. This resultant blood, serum or plasma shouldhave reduced or no detectable anti-THSD7A autoantibodies. Theimmunoabsorption procedure should be conducted under sterile conditions.The collect blood, serum or plasma that is depleted of anti-THSD7Aautoantibodies can then be transfused back into the patient.

As used in the therapeutic methods of the invention, a fragment ofTHSD7A polypeptide is typically an antibody-binding fragment.

Another further object of the invention relates to a method for treatinga membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranousnephropathy, in a patient, the method comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of a THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof, a vector expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof or a host cell expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof.

In one embodiment, the membranous nephropathy is an idiopathicmembranous nephropathy.

In another embodiment, the patient is a THSD7A-positive patient.

Preferably, the patient is a human patient.

According to the invention, the THSD7A polypeptide or fragments thereofis administered in a soluble form.

By providing soluble THSD7A polypeptide or fragments thereof, thesoluble polypeptide can function as decoy antigens and sequester theautoantibodies away from the THSD7A in the renal glomeruli, therebyreducing the potential damage to the kidney. The THSD7A polypeptide ispreferably a THSD7A polypeptide of human origin.

In one embodiment, the fragments suitable for treatment or adsorption ofthe autoantibodies to THSD7A from the serum are fragments comprising orconsisting of the extracellular domain of THSD7A or a fragment thereofconstituted by one or several of its distinct thrombospondin type Idomains and/or linker stalks.

As described above, THSD7A polypeptides and fragments may be synthetizedby any method well known in the art, such as, for example, recombinantprotein synthesis in bacteria, mammal, insect, yeast or plant cells.

Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning techniques can beused to clone a nucleic acid encoding a THSD7A, using the mRNA of theTHSD7A as the template for PCR Cloning. As described above, an exemplaryhuman native THSD7A mRNA sequence is provided in NM_015204 (GeneBank).

Ideally, restriction enzyme digestion recognition sites should bedesigned at the ends of the sense and anti-sense strand of the PCRprimers to facilitate ligation of the amplified nucleic acid into acloning vector or other vectors. Alternatively, a 3′-A overhang can beincluded for the purpose of TA-cloning that is well known in the art.Such coding nucleic acids with 3′A overhangs can be easily ligated intothe Invitrogen topoisomerase-assisted TA vectors such as pCR®-TOPO,pCR®-Blunt II-TOPO, pENTR/D-TOPO®, and pENTR/SD/D-TOPO®. The codingnucleic acid can be cloned into a general purpose cloning vector such aspUC19, pBR322 , pBLUESCRIPT vectors (STRATAGENE Inc.) or pCR TOPO® fromINVITROGEN INC. The resultant recombinant vector carrying the nucleicacid encoding a THSD7A can then subcloned into protein expressionvectors or viral vectors for the synthesis of THSD7A fusion protein in avariety of protein expression systems using host cells selected from thegroup consisting of mammalian cell lines, insect cell lines, yeast,bacteria, and plant cells. Protease cleavage sites can also be designedand included within the nucleic acid to facilitate the liberation ofTHSD7A from a larger fusion protein, e. g. His-THSD7A orthioredoxin-THSD7A. Examples of protease cleavage sites include but arenot limited to those of enterokinase, chymotrypsin, and thrombin.

PCR amplified coding nucleic acids can be cloned into a vector using theTOPO® cloning method in INVITROGEN topoisomerase-assisted TA vectorssuch as pCR®-TOPO, pCR®-Blunt II-TOPO, pENTR/D-TOPO®, andpENTR/SD/D-TOPO®. Both pENTR/D-TOPO®, and pENTR/SD/D-TOPO® aredirectional TOPO entry vectors which allow the cloning of the DNAsequence in the 5′←3′ orientation into a GATEWAY® expression vector.Directional cloning in the 5′←3′ orientation facilitate theunidirectional insertion of the DNA sequence into a protein expressionvector such that the promoter is upstream of the 5′ ATG start codon ofthe nucleic acid, thus enabling promoter-driven protein expression. Therecombinant vector carrying a THSD7A coding nucleic acid can betransfected into and propagated in a general cloning E. coli cells suchas XLIBlue, SURE (STRATAGENE) and TOP-10 cells (INVITROGEN).

Different expression vectors are available for the expression andpurification of a recombinant protein produced from a heterologousprotein expression system can be made. Heterologous protein expressionsystems that use host cells selected from, e. g., mammalian, insect,yeast, bacterial, or plant cells are well known to one skilled in theart. The expression vector should have the necessary 5′ upstream and 3′downstream regulatory elements such as promoter sequences, ribosomerecognition and binding TATA box, and 3′ UTR AAUAAA transcriptiontermination sequence for efficient gene transcription and translation inits respective host cell. The expression vector may have additionalsequence such as 6X-histidine, V5, thioredoxin,glutathione-S-transferase, c-Myc, VSV-G, HSV, FLAG, maltose bindingpeptide, metal-binding peptide, HA and “secretion” signals (Honeybeemelittin, [alpha]-factor, PHO, Bip), which are incorporated into theexpressed recombinant protein. In addition, there can be enzymedigestion sites incorporated after these sequences to facilitateenzymatic removal of additional sequence after they are not needed.These additional sequences are useful for the detection of recombinantprotein expression, for protein purification by affinity chromatography,enhanced solubility of the recombinant protein in the host cytoplasm,for better protein expression especially for small protein fragmentsand/or for secreting the expressed recombinant protein out into theculture media, into the periplasm of the prokaryote bacteria, or to thespheroplast of yeast cells. The expression of recombinant protein can beconstitutive in the host cells or it can be induced, e.g., with coppersulfate, sugars such as galactose, methanol, methylamine, thiamine,tetracycline, infection with baculo virus, and(isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside) IPTG, a stable synthetic analogof lactose.

In some embodiments, recombinant THSD7A can be expressed in a variety ofexpression host cells e. g., bacteria, such as E. coli, yeast,mammalian, insect, and plant cells such as Chlamydomonas, or even fromcell-free expression systems. From a cloning vector, the nucleic acidcan be subcloned into a recombinant expression vector that isappropriate for the expression of the protein in mammalian, insect,yeast, bacterial, or plant cells or a cell-free expression system suchas a rabbit reticulocyte expression system. Subcloning can be achievedby PCR cloning, restriction digestion followed by ligation, orrecombination reaction such as those of the lambda phage-basedsite-specific recombination using the Gateway® LR and BP CLONASE enzymemixtures. Subcloning should be unidirectional such that the 5′ ATG startcodon of the nucleic acid is downstream of the promoter in theexpression vector. Alternatively, when the coding nucleic acid is clonedinto pENTR/D-TOPO®, pENTR/SD/D-TOPO® (directional entry vectors) , orany of the Invitrogen's GATEWAY® Technology pENTR (entry) vectors, thecoding nucleic acid can be transferred into the various GATEWAY®expression vectors (destination) for protein expression in mammaliancells, E. coli, insects and yeast respectively in one singlerecombination reaction. Some of the GATEWAY® destination vectors aredesigned for the constructions of baculovirus, adenovirus,adeno-associated virus (AAV), retrovirus, and lentiviruses, which uponinfecting their respective host cell, permit heterologous expression ofthe recombinant protein in the host cells. Transferring a gene into adestination vector is accomplished in just two steps according tomanufacturer's instructions. There are GATEWAY® expression vectors forprotein expression in E. coli, insect cells, mammalian cells, and yeast.Following transformation and selection in E. coli, the expression vectoris ready to be used for expression in the appropriate host.

Examples of other expression vectors and host cells are the pET vectors(NOVAGEN), pGEX vectors (Amersham Pharmacia), and pMAL vectors (NewEngland labs. Inc.) for protein expression in E. coli host cells such asBL21, BL21(DE3) and AD494(DE3)pLysS, Rosetta (DE3), and Origami(DE3)(NOVAGEN); the strong CMV promoter-based pcDNA3.1 (INVITROGEN) andpClneo vectors (Promega) for expression in mammalian cell lines such asCHO, COS, HEK-293, Jurkat, and MCF-7; replication incompetent adenoviralvector vectors pADENO X, pAd5F35, pLP-ADENO-X-CMV (CLONTECH),pAd/CMV/V5-DEST, pAd-DEST vector (INVITROGEN) for adenovirus-mediatedgene transfer and expression in mammalian cells; pLNCX2, pLXSN, andpLAPSN retrovirus vectors for use with the RETRO-X™ system from Clontechfor retroviral-mediated gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells;pLenti4/V5-DEST™, pLenti6/V5-DEST™, and pLenti6.2/V5-GW/lacZ(INVITROGEN) for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression inmammalian cells; adenovirus-associated virus expression vectors such aspAAV-MCS, pAAV-IRES-hrGFP, and pAAV-RC vector (STRATAGENE) foradeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer and expression inmammalian cells; BACpak6 baculo virus (CLONTECH) and pFASTBAC™ HT(INVITROGEN) for the expression in Spodopera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) and Sf11insect cell lines; pMT/BiP/V5-His

(INVITROGEN) for the expression in Drosophila Schneider S2 cells; Pichiaexpression vectors pPICZα, pPICZ, pFLDα and pFLD (INVITROGEN) forexpression in Pichia pastoris and vectors pMETα and pMET for expressionin P. methanolica; pYES2/GS and pYD1 (INVITROGEN) vectors for expressionin yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent advances in the large scaleexpression heterologous proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii aredescribed by Griesbeck C. et. al. 2006 MoI. Biotechnol. 34:213-33 andFuhrmann M. 2004, Methods MoI Med. 94:191-5. Foreign heterologous codingsequences are inserted into the genome of the nucleus, chloroplast andmitochondria by homologous recombination. The chloroplast expressionvector p64 carrying the versatile chloroplast selectable markeraminoglycoside adenyl transferase (aadA), which confers resistance tospectinomycin or streptomycin, can be used to express foreign protein inthe chloroplast. The biolistic gene gun method can be used to introducethe vector in the algae. Upon its entry into chloroplasts, the foreignDNA is released from the gene gun particles and integrates into thechloroplast genome through homologous recombination.

Recombinant protein expression in the different host cells can beconstitutive or inducible with inducers such as copper sulfate, sugarssuch as galactose, methanol, methylamine, thiamine, tetracycline, orIPTG. After the protein is expressed in the host cells, the host cellsare lysed to liberate the expressed protein for purification. Methods oflysing the various host cells are featured in “Sample Preparation-Toolsfor Protein Research” EMD Bioscience and in the Current Protocols inProtein Sciences (CPPS). A preferred purification method is affinitychromatography such as ion-metal affinity chromatograph using nickel,cobalt, or zinc affinity resins for histidine-tagged recombinantprotein. Methods of purifying histidine-tagged recombinant proteins aredescribed by CLONTECH using their TALON® cobalt resin and by NOVAGEN intheir pET system manual, 10th edition. Another preferred purificationstrategy is by immuno-affinity chromatography, for example, anti-mycantibody conjugated resin can be used to the affinity purify myc-taggedrecombinant peptide. Enzymatic digestion with serine proteases such asthrombin and enterokinase cleave and release the recombinant proteinfrom the histidine or myc tag, releasing the recombinant protein fromthe affinity resin while the histidine-tags and myc-tags are leftattached to the affinity resin.

Cell-free expression systems are also contemplated. Cell-free expressionsystems offer several advantages over traditional cell-based expressionmethods, including the easy modification of reaction conditions to favorprotein folding, decreased sensitivity to product toxicity andsuitability for high-throughput strategies such as rapid expressionscreening or large amount protein production because of reduced reactionvolumes and process time. The cell-free expression system can useplasmid or linear DNA. Moreover, improvements in translation efficiencyhave resulted in yields that exceed a milligram of protein permilliliter of reaction mix. An example of a cell-free translation systemcapable of producing proteins in high yield is described by Spirin A S.et. al., Science 242:1162 (1988). The method uses a continuous flowdesign of the feeding buffer which contains amino acids, adenosinetriphosphate (ATP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) throughout thereaction mixture and a continuous removal of the translated polypeptideproduct. The system uses E. coli lysate to provide the cell-freecontinuous feeding buffer. This continuous flow system is compatiblewith both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors. As an example,large scale cell-free production of the integral membrane protein EmrEmultidrug transporter is described by Chang G. el. al., Science310:1950-3 (2005).

Other commercially available cell-free expression systems include theEXPRESSWAY™ Cell-Free Expression Systems (Invitrogen) which utilize anE. coli-based in-vitro system for efficient, coupled transcription andtranslation reactions to produce up to milligram quantities of activerecombinant protein in a tube reaction format; the Rapid TranslationSystem (RTS) (Roche Applied Science) which also uses an E. coli-basedin-vitro system; and the TNT Coupled Reticulocyte Lysate Systems(Promega) which uses a rabbit reticulocyte-based in-vitro system.

In one embodiment, a cocktail of several THSD7A polypeptides is used fortreatment. Envisioned peptides can be fused with other proteins forlonger serum half-life, tandemly linked peptides or circular peptides.

Encompassed in the methods described herein is a mammalian THSD7A thatis purified from a mammal, e. g. a pig or a rabbit. In one embodiment,the native (non-recombinant) mammalian THSD7A is purified from thekidneys ex vivo. Methods of native protein purification are well knownto the one skilled in the art.

A still further object of the invention relates to a THSD7A polypeptideor a fragment thereof for use in the treatment of membranousnephropathy, particularly idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

In one embodiment, the membranous nephropathy is an idiopathicmembranous nephropathy.

In another embodiment, the patient is a THSD7A-positive patient.

Preferably, the patient is a human patient.

In a preferred embodiment, said fragment of THSD7A polypeptide is anantibody-binding fragment (which means according to the invention thatautoantibodies of patient afflicted with an idiopathic membranousnephropathy recognize said fragment).

Preferably, said fragment of THSD7A comprises or consists of theextracellular domain of THSD7A or a fragment thereof constituted by oneor several of its distinct thrombospondin type I domains and/or linkerstalks.

According to the invention, said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragmentthereof is used in a therapeutically effective amount.

In a particular embodiment, the invention also provides a vectorexpressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof or a host cellexpressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof.

A further object of the invention relates to a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a further aspect, the inventionpertains to said pharmaceutical composition for use for treatingmembranous nephropathy.

In one embodiment, the membranous nephropathy is an idiopathicmembranous nephropathy.

In another embodiment, the patient is a THSD7A-positive patient.

Preferably, the patient is a human patient.

In a particular embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition may comprisea vector expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof or ahost cell expressing said THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof.

The pharmaceutical composition can be a combination of full-lengthTHSD7A and fragments of various sizes, particularly antibody-bindingfragments, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. Examples of suchfragments encompass, but are not limited to, fragments comprising orconsisting of the extracellular domain of THSD7A or a fragment thereofconstituted by one or several of its distinct thrombospondin type Idomains and/or linker stalks.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention maycomprise a cocktail of several THSD7A polypeptides or fragments thereof.Envisioned peptides can be fused with other proteins for longer serumhalf-life, tandemly linked peptides or circular peptides.

In one embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approvedby a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed inthe U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for usein animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “carrier” refersto a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeuticis administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids,such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetableor synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil,sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when thepharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Salinesolutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also beemployed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose,sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate,glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol,propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, ifdesired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifyingagents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form ofsolutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders,sustained-release formulations, and the like. The composition can beformulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers suchas triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such aspharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate,sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples ofsuitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed. (Mack Publishing Co.,1990). In one embodiment, other ingredients can be added topharmaceutical formulations, including antioxidants, e.g., ascorbicacid; low molecular weight (less than about ten residues) polypeptides,e.g., polyarginine or tripeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin,gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids, such as glycine, glutamic acid,aspartic acid, or arginine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and othercarbohydrates including cellulose or its derivatives, glucose, mannose,or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; and sugar alcohols such asmannitol or sorbitol.

In one embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance withroutine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted forintravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions forintravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueousbuffer. Where necessary, the composition can also include a solubilizingagent and a local anesthetic such as lignocamne to ease pain at the siteof the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied eitherseparately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a drylyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealedcontainer such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity ofactive agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion,it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterilepharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition isadministered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection orsaline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior toadministration.

The compositions of the invention can be formulated as neutral or saltforms.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions suchas those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaricacids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived fromsodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine,triethylamine, 2-ethylaminoethanol, histidine, procaine, to name a few.

Various delivery systems are known in the art and can be used toadminister a THSD7A polypeptide or fragments thereof, e.g.,encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, and microcapsules (see,e.g., Wu and Wu, J. Biol. Chem., 262:4429-4432 (1987)). The compositioncan be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see, Langer,Science, 249:1527-1533 (1990); Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapyof Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez—Berestein and Fidler, eds.(Liss, New York 1989), pp. 353-365; Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327;see, generally, ibid.). Methods of introduction include, but are notlimited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous,subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The compositionscan be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion orbolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneouslinings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and canbe administered together with other biologically active agents.Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it can bedesirable to introduce the pharmaceutical compositions of the inventioninto the central nervous system by any suitable route, includingintraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injectioncan be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example,attached to a reservoir, such as an Omcana reservoir. Pulmonaryadministration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler ornebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation to be used fortherapeutic administration must be sterile. Sterility is readilyaccomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes (e.g.,0.2 micron membranes). The pH of the pharmaceutical formulationtypically should be about from 6 to 8.

In one embodiment, the composition can be delivered in a controlledrelease system. In one embodiment, a pump can be used (see Langer,supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng., 14:201 (1987); Buchwald etal., Surgery, 88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 321:574(1989)). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see,Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise, eds. (CRCPress, Boca Raton, Fl. 1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, DrugProduct Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball, eds. (Wiley, New York1984); Ranger and Peppas, Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem., 23:61(1983); see also Levy et al., Science, 228:190 (1985); During et al.,Ann. Neurol., 25:35 1 (1989); Howard et al., J. Neurosurg., 7 1:105(1989)). Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review byLanger (Science, 249:1527-1533 (1990)). For examples of sustainedrelease compositions, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919, EP 58,481A, U.S. Pat.No. 3,887,699, EP 158,277A, Canadian Patent No. 1176565, U. Sidman etal., Biopolymers 22:547 (1983) and R. Langer et al., Chem. Tech. 12:98(1982).

The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend onthe route of administration, and the severity of membranous nephropathyand the titer of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies in the serum, and should bedecided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient'scircumstances. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-responsecurves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

The dosage administered to a patient is typically 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kgof the patient's body weight. Preferably, the dosage administered to apatient is between 0.1 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of the patient's body weight,more preferably 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Forgene therapy, viral vector should be in the range of 1×10⁶ to 10¹⁴ viralvector particles per application per patient.

In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed tohelp identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employedwill also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness ofthe condition being treated and should be decided according to thejudgment of the practitioner and each subject's circumstances in viewof, e.g., published clinical studies. Suitable effective dosage amounts,however, range from about 10 micrograms to about 5 grams about every 4hour, although they are typically about 500 mg or less per every 4hours. In one embodiment the effective dosage is about 10 μg, about 20μg, about 50 μg, about 100 μg, about 200 μg, about 300 μg, about 400 μg,about 500 μg, about 600 μg, about 700 μg, about 800 μg, about 900 μg,about 1 mg, about 1.2 mg, about 1.4 mg, about 1.6 mg, about 1.8 mg,about 2.0 mg, about 2.2 mg, about 2.4 mg, about 2.6 mg, about 2.8 mg,about 3.0 mg, about 3.2 mg, about 3.4 mg, about 3.6 mg, about 3.8 mg,about 4.0 mg, about 4.2 mg, about 4.4 mg, about 4.6 mg, about 4.8 mg, orabout 5.0 mg, 10.0 mg, 15.0 mg, 20.0 mg, 25.0 mg, 50.0 mg every 4 hours.Equivalent dosages may be administered over various time periodsincluding, but not limited to, about every 2 hours, about every 6 hours,about every 8 hours, about every 12 hours, about every 24 hours, aboutevery 36 hours, about every 48 hours, about every 72 hours, about everyweek, about every two weeks, about every three weeks, about every month,and about every two months. The effective dosage amounts describedherein refer to total amounts administered. The compositions comprisingTHSD7A polypeptide, fragments thereof, or expression vectors and/or hostcells comprising it are suitably administered to the patient at one timeor over a series of treatments.

In an embodiment, the composition comprising a THSD7A polypeptide orfragments thereof is administered in combination with immunosuppressivetherapies including, but not limited to, azathioprine, infliximab,omalizumab, daclizumab, adalimumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, natalizumabomalizumab, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and/or rituximab.

Particularly, the composition comprising a THSD7A polypeptide orfragments thereof is administered in combination with any treatmentuseful for treating membranous nephropathy, particularly idiopathicmembranous nephropathy, and that could be effective for the patient.

The invention will be further illustrated by the following examples.However, these examples should not be interpreted in any way as limitingthe scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLES Material and Methods

Patients. The diagnosis of membranous nephropathy (MN) was made by renalbiopsy. Sera were taken from patients with membranous nephropathy,patients with other kidney diseases, and healthy controls. All patientswere without previous immunosuppressive therapy at the time the firstserum was taken. Sera were investigated for anti-PLA2R1 antibodies bymeans of ELISA.

Human renal tissue. Healthy parts of kidneys from patients who underwentnephrectomy were used for the preparation of an extract of humanglomeruli. Glomeruli were gained by graded sieving anddounce-homogenized. Soluble and membrane fractions were separated byultracentrifugation and solubilization. To remove present immunoglobulinG, samples were incubated with Protein G microbeads (Miltenyi Biotech,Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and bound immunoglobulins were extracted bymagnetic separation columns (idem). For enzymatic deglycosylation theinventors used N-glycopeptidase F and Neuraminidase according to themanufacturer's instructions (both Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).

Western blot analysis. Protein samples were electrophoresed inpolyacrylamide gels under non-reducing or reducing conditions andtransferred to PVDF membranes under semi-dry conditions (BioRad,Hercules, USA). Membranes (Millipore, Billerica, USA) were blocked with5% dry milk in PBS-Tween 0.05% overnight and subsequently incubated withprimary and secondary antibodies for 2 hours at room temperature. Foruse as the primary antibody, sera were diluted at a 1:100 workingdilution in 0.5% dry milk. For specific detection of THSD7A(Thrombospondin type 1 domain containing 7A) the inventors used acommercially available rabbit polyclonal antibody (Sigma, St. Louis,USA) at a working dilution of 1:1,000. Secondary antibodies werehorseradish peroxidase-conjugated mouse anti-human or goat anti-rabbitIgG (all SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, USA). When IgG subclass detectionwas desired, mouse anti-human IgG1-IgG4 were applied (idem).

Immunoprecipitation. Human glomerular lysates were incubated with serafrom patients with membranous nephropathy or other glomerular diseases,and from healthy controls. IgG4 affinity matrix (Life Technologies,Leiden, Netherlands) was added and samples were incubated overnight at4° C. Immunoprecipitates were collected by low-speed centrifugation andsamples were electrophoresed, blotted, and detected with anti-THSD7Aantibody as described above.

Mass spectrometry. Gel regions corresponding to visible bands in Westernblot analysis were excised and subjected to tryptic in-gel digestion.Digested peptides were isolated using formic acid and acetonitrile,separated by means of nano high performance liquid chromatography(nanoHPLC), and identified by matrix-assisted laserdesorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) tandem massspectrometry using an ABI 4700 mass spectrometer (AB Sciex, Framingham,USA). Raw data were analyzed by ProteinPilot software (AB Sciex,Framingham, USA) and further processed using the Paragon Algorithm.Recombinant expression of candidate proteins. Human cDNAs coding for

THSD7A and the three paralogs of PLA2R1, i.e. the macrophage mannosereceptor (MRC1), the endocytic receptor 180 (MRC2), and the dendriticcell receptor 205 (LY75), were cloned by PCR using standard methods orpurchased from companies (Gene Coppoeia and OriGene). All cDNA sequenceswere verified by sequencing after subcloning into mammalian expressionvectors and addition of specific HA or DDK tags (pLPCX or pCMV6 entry).Plasmids were transiently transfected into HEK293 cells by calciumphosphate transfection. After 72 hours, the medium was collected andcells were scraped and lyzed. The soluble fraction of the expressedprotein of interest was obtained by ultracentrifugation. The membranefraction was resuspended in lysis buffer, homogenized by vigorous manualdouncing, and the solubilized fraction was obtained after high speedcentrifugation. Expression of the candidate proteins was verified byWestern blot analysis using specific antibodies and compared to mocktransfection.

Histological analysis. For immunofluorescence analyses, 2 μM paraffinsections of the healthy pole of a human tumor nephrectomy specimen weredeparaffinized and rehydrated in water. Antigen retrieval was obtainedby boiling in citrate buffer pH 6.1 (30 min at constant 98° C.).Nonspecific binding was blocked with 5% horse serum (Vector, Burlingame,USA) with 0.05% Triton X-100 (SIGMA, St. Louis, USA) in PBS for 30 minat RT prior to incubation at 4° C. o/n with primary antibodies inblocking buffer. Staining was visualized with fluorochrome-conjugatedsecondary antibodies (Jackson Immunoresearch, Dianova, Hamburg, Germany;1:400, 30 min RT in 5% horse serum). Nuclei were visualized using DRAQ5(Molecular Probes, LIFE TECHNOLOGIES, Grand Island, USA). Negativecontrols were performed omitting primary antibodies. Stained sectionswere evaluated by confocal microscopy using the Laser ScanningMicroscope 510 and appropriate software (ALL ZEISS, OBERKOCHEN,Germany).

For immunohistochemistry, 1 μM paraffin sections of renal biopsies frompatients with MN were deparaffinized and rehydrated. Antigen retrievalwas obtained by boiling in DAKO antigen retrieval buffer, pH 9 (15 minat 98° C.) and subsequent cooling at RT for 15 min. Nonspecific bindingwas blocked with 5% horse serum (Vector) with 0.05% Triton X-100 (SIGMA)in PBS for 30 min at RT prior to incubation at 4° C. o/n with rabbitanti-THSD7A (1:400, Atlas) in blocking buffer. Staining was visualizedwith the ZytochemPlus AP Polymer kit (ZYTOMED SYSTEMS) according to themanufacturer's instruction. Nuclei were counterstained with hemalaun andsections were mounted with gum Arabic (SIGMA). Negative controls wereperformed omitting primary antibodies. Stainings were evaluated with anAxioskop using the Axiovision software (ALL ZEISS).

Primary antibodies used for histological analyses were: rabbitanti-THSD7A and anti-PLA2R1 (ATLAS, 1:200), guinea-pig anti-nephrin(ACRIS, 1:100), goat anti-collagen Type IV (SOUTHERNBIOTECH, 1:400), andsheep anti-fibronectin (DAKO, 1:500). All secondary antibodies werefluorochrome-conjugated affinity purified donkey antibodies (JACKSONIMMUNORESEARCH, Dianova, Hamburg, Germany, 1:400).

Results

Screening of idiopathic membranous nephropathy sera with the paralogs ofPLA2R1 and a protein lysate from human glomeruli. We screened idiopathicmembranous nephropathy (iMN) sera and relevant control sera by twoparallel approaches. The first one was focused on the paralogs of PLA2R1as candidate antigens. The second one was more general, screening thesera on total proteins from a human glomerular extract (HGE).

The three paralog proteins of PLA2R1, i.e. the macrophage mannosereceptor (MRC1), the endocytic receptor 180 (MRC2), and the dendriticcell receptor 205 (LY75) were transiently expressed as recombinantproteins in HEK293 cells. Serum reactivity against these paralogs aswell as HGE was investigated by Western blot analysis under non-reducingconditions with sera from 65 patients with membranous nephropathy (ofwhich 30 were negative for anti-PLA2R1 antibodies), 57 patients withother proteinuric kidney diseases and 44 healthy controls. All sera thatwere known to be positive for anti-PLA2R1 antibodies, as testedpreviously by ELISA, reacted with recombinant PLA2R1 on Western blotanalysis, but none of these sera nor sera from other categories reactedwith the paralog proteins of PLA2R1. Sera from 4 patients with iMN, whowere all negative for anti-PLA2R1 antibodies, recognized the sameglomerular protein of about 250 kDa in size (FIG. 1A). Sera frompatients with other kidney diseases or from healthy controls did notshow any reactivity in this area. The screening was then extended to 129patients with membranous nephropathy (95 with iMN and 34 with secondaryMN). A total of 6 sera, all negative for anti-PLA2R1 antibodies in ELISAand Western blot analysis, were found to react with the same protein of250 kDa (FIG. 1B). Among these patients, 5 had iMN and 1 had MN with apositive titer for anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), classifying thispatient as a case of secondary MN (FIG. 1B).

The above screening thus identified a novel autoantigen of 250 kDapresent in HGE, likely distinct from PLA2R1 which has a size of about180 kDa in the same HGE preparation. To better discriminate between thetwo antigens, we ran the HGE proteins on SDS-PAGE gels with lowacrylamide percentage to separate the two proteins of interest, thenprepared Western blots and sequentially incubated the membranes withsera reactive against PLA2R1 or the new antigen. As expected, twodistinct bands with a size difference of about 60 kDa were revealed,indicating the presence of two different antigens. To furthercharacterize the novel antigen in comparison with PLA2R1, weenzymatically deglycosylated HGE containing the two antigens.N-glycopeptidase F decreased the size of the novel antigen toapproximatively 225 kDa, and the addition of Neuraminidase, an enzymethat removes sialic acid, caused a further shift to 200 kDa. On theother hand, PLA2R1 migrated to approximatively 145 kDa after theaddition of N-glycopeptidase F, as described previously3, but no moreshift was seen after addition of Neuraminidase. All sera reacting withthe fully glycosylated 250 kDa protein also recognized thedeglycosylated forms at the same molecular mass, suggesting that allsera recognize the same protein. Moreover, both the novel antigen andPLA2R1 are present in the membrane fraction of HGE, but only PLA2R1 ispresent in the soluble fraction.

Identification of the novel HGE antigen as THSD7A. We performed gelelectrophoresis of native glomerular proteins and glomerular proteinstreated with N-glycopeptidase F as well as N-glycopeptidase F andNeuraminidase. The greater part of the proteins from each treatment wasstained with Coomassie blue dye and the other part was transferred toPVDF and probed with a patient's serum positive for antibodies againstthe novel antigen. We then excised the Coomassie-stained gel areascorresponding to the Western blot signals at 250 kDa, 225 kDa and 200kDa as described above, assuming that the target protein would bespecifically present in all three conditions. Mass spectrometricanalysis was performed in all gel slices and a primary candidate listwas obtained. The candidate proteins were ranked according to theexpected biochemical characteristics of the new antigen, i.e. byreference to their molecular mass, N-glycosylation, membranouslocalization, and expression in human kidney or glomeruli.Interestingly, all the previously tested paralogs of PLA2R1 appeared inthe mass spectrometric analysis in a prominent position, retrospectivelyjustifying the initial approach. We used commercially availableantibodies and transiently transfected HEK293 cells to specifically testfor candidate antigens and eventually identified thrombospondin type 1domain containing 7A (THSD7A) as the protein of interest.

Indeed, all the 6 sera previously reacting with the 250 kDa protein inHGE, but none of the anti-PLA2R1 positive sera or controls, alsorecognized recombinant THSD7A expressed in HEK293 cells (FIG. 2A). Ofnote, the native THSD7A protein present in HGE and the recombinantprotein expressed in HEK293 cells showed the same pattern ofglycosylation, yet the recombinant protein migrated to a slightly lowerposition, suggesting a minor difference in post-translationalmodification (FIG. 2A). As a final proof that the glomerular autoantigenrecognized by the reactive sera was indeed THSD7A, we performedimmunoprecipitation experiments. All reactive sera, but not controls,immunoprecipitated THSD7A from HGE, as demonstrated by the reactivity ofprecipitates with a specific polyclonal antibody against THSD7A (FIG.2B).

Characterization of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies. To determine the IgGsubtype(s) of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies, we used secondary antibodiesagainst the different IgGs (1 to 4). Anti-THSD7A IgG4 was found to bethe predominant antibody for all 6 reactive sera. However, other IgGsubtypes were also present in most sera. This finding was in accordancewith enhanced staining for IgG4 in all available biopsies. Moreover, allof the positive sera lost their reactivity to both the 250 kDa proteinin HGE and recombinant THSD7A when gels were run under reducingconditions. Thus, as for anti-PLA2R1 autoantibodies, the anti-THSD7Aautoantibodies are mostly IgG4 and recognize one or moreconformation-dependent epitope(s) in THSD7A which are present in bothnative and recombinant THSD7A proteins.

Anti-THSD7A autoantibodies and disease activity. Serial serum samplesfrom two patients with iMN and positive for anti-THSD7A antibodies wereavailable for analysis of anti-THSD7A antibody levels bysemi-quantitative Western blot analysis. In one patient,immunosuppressive therapy induced a substantial decrease of theanti-THSD7A antibody level, which was followed by a reduction inproteinuria (FIG. 3). On the other hand, in one patient who did notreceive immunosuppressive therapy due to minor clinical complaints, theantibody level remained steadily high, with a sustained nephrotic-rangeproteinuria. Taken together, these results suggest an associationbetween the antibody level and clinical disease activity.

Glomerular expression of THSD7A in healthy controls and MN patients. Inorder to investigate the glomerular expression of THSD7A, we performedimmunofluorescent and immunohistochemical analyses in biopsy samplesfrom healthy subjects and from patients with iMN. We found a prominentlinear glomerular expression of THSD7A in biopsy specimens from healthykidneys when probed with two different anti-THSD7A specific antibodies.The negative controls omitting the primary antibody showed no stainingat all. When stained for nephrin, a transmembrane protein that isexpressed in the region of the intercellular slit-diaphragm of podocytefoot processes, a very similar staining pattern as for THSD7A was seen.Moreover, both molecules showed strong co-localization, suggesting thatTHSD7A is located in or at close proximity of podocyte foot processes.On the other hand, THSD7A did not co-localize with markers of theglomerular basement membrane, such as collagen type IV and fibronectin.Precisely, THSD7A was located subepithelially relative to collagen typeIV and fibronectin, suggesting that it is expressed on podocyte footprocesses rather than the glomerular basement membrane.

It is known from previous studies that PLA2R1 co-localizes with IgG4 inthe subepthelial deposits of biopsies from patients with MN anddetectable antibodies against PLA2R1. In order to investigate thisphenomenon in anti-THSD7A positive MN patients, we performedimmunofluorescence microscopy with specific anti-THSD7A as well asanti-IgG4 antibodies. We found strong staining for IgG4 and THSD7A inall available biopsies from patients with anti-THSD7A positive MN (n=5).Thereby, THSD7A co-localized with IgG4 in a granular pattern that istypical for MN.

Immunohistochemical staining of THSD7A revealed a linear positivityalong podocyte plasma membranes in the biopsy samples from healthycontrols. In contrast, PLA2R1 is slightly less expressed. In all fiveavailable biopsies from patients with anti-THSD7A positive MN,immunohistochemistry revealed markedly enhanced staining for THSD7A whencompared with normal controls. On the other hand, PLA2R1 staining wasnormal in these patients. In contrast, all investigated patients withanti-PLA2R1 antibodies had normal staining for THSD7A, but enhancedgranular staining of PLA2R1, as described previously. All investigatedbiopsies from patients with secondary MN had normal staining for bothTHSD7A and PLA2R1.

Elution of anti-THSD7A IgG from biopsy tissue. IgG was acid eluted fromfrom the frozen remnant biopsy core from one patient whose serum wasreactive with THSD7A, from two cases of PLA2R1-associated iMN, and froma case of class V lupus nephritis. IgG from the anti-THSD7A-seropositivecase specifically recognized recombinant THSD7A on Western blot, whileIgG eluted from the PLA2R1-associated MN cases did not recognize THSD7Aand specifically recognized PLA2R1. IgG eluted from the class V lupusnephritis biopsy recognized neither antigen.

1. An in vitro method for diagnosing and/or prognosing membranousnephropathy in a patient, said method comprising: detecting in abiological sample obtained from said patient one or more autoantibodiesrecognizing a Thrombospondin, Type I, Domain Containing 7A (THSD7A)protein.
 2. The in vitro method according to claim 1, said methodcomprising: (i) contacting a biological sample obtained from saidpatient with a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragmentthereof, and (ii) detecting an antigen-antibody complex formed, whereinthe presence of the antigen-antibody complex is indicative of membranousnephropathy.
 3. The in vitro method according to claim 1, wherein saidmembranous nephropathy is an idiopathic membranous nephropathy.
 4. Thein vitro method according to claim 1, wherein said biological sample isa blood sample.
 5. The in vitro method according to claim 1, whereinsaid patient is a secretory phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1)-negativepatient.
 6. An in vitro method for assessing the effectiveness of atreatment for membranous nephropathy in a patient, said methodcomprising: (i) determining at a first time point a level of an antibodyagainst a THSD7A polypeptide in said sample obtained from said patientat said first time point, (ii) determining at a second time point alevel of an antibody against the THSD7A polypeptide in said sampleobtained from said patient at said second time point, and (iii)comparing the levels of the autoantibodies of the two time points,wherein: a decrease in the level of anti-THSD7A autoantibodies in thesecond time point compared to the first time point indicates that thetreatment is effective, and/or an increase in the level of anti-THSD7Aautoantibodies in the second time point compared to the first time pointindicates that the treatment is not effective.
 7. The method accordingto claim 6, wherein said method is performed with a device coated withthe THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof.
 8. A kit for diagnosingand/or prognosing membranous nephropathy in a patient, said kitcomprising: a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragmentthereof, and a reagent for detection of an antigen-antibody complexformed between a the THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragmentthereof and an autoantibody directed against THSD7A present in thebiological sample.
 9. The kit according to claim 8, said kit furthercomprising a PLA2R1 polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment thereof.10. An in vitro method for diagnosing and/or prognosing membranousnephropathy in a patient, said method comprising: determining a level ofa THSD7A protein in a biological sample obtained from said patient. 11.The in vitro method according to claim 10, said method comprising: (i)measuring the level of the THSD7A protein in a biological sampleobtained from said patient, and (ii) comparing said level to a referencelevel, wherein an increased level of the THSD7A protein compared to saidreference level is indicative of membranous nephropathy.
 12. The invitro method according to claim 10, wherein said membranous nephropathyis idiopathic membranous nephropathy.
 13. The in vitro method accordingto claim 10, wherein said biological sample is a kidney biopsy.
 14. ATHSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof which is suitable for treatingmembranous nephropathy.
 15. The THSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereofaccording to claim 14, wherein said membranous nephropathy is anidiopathic membranous nephropathy.
 16. The THSD7A polypeptide or afragment thereof according to claim 14, wherein said patient is aTHSD7A-positive patient.
 17. A device coated with a THSD7A polypeptideor a fragment thereof.
 18. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: aTHSD7A polypeptide or a fragment thereof, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.
 19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 whichis suitable for treating membranous nephropathy.
 20. The methodaccording to claim 6, wherein said membranous nephropathy is idiopathicmembranous nephropathy.
 21. The in vitro method according to claim 10,the method comprising: (i) measuring a level of THSD7A mRNA in abiological sample obtained from the patient, and (ii) comparing thelevel to a reference level, wherein an increased level of THSD7A mRNAcompared to the reference level is indicative of membranous nephropathy.22. A method of detecting whether a patient is suffering from membranousnephropathy, the method comprising: detecting the presence or absence ofan antibody against a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragmentthereof in a sample from the patient, and detecting a level of theantibody against the THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragmentthereof in the sample, wherein the presence of an increased level of theantibody against a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragmentthereof in the sample, compared to the level of a healthy individual,indicates membranous nephropathy in the patient.
 23. A method ofdetecting an antibody against a THSD7A polypeptide or anantibody-binding fragment thereof in a patient, the method comprising:obtaining a sample from a patient, and detecting whether the antibodyagainst a THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment thereof ispresent in the sample by contacting the sample with the THSD7Apolypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment thereof and detectingbinding between the antibody and the THSD7A polypeptide or anantibody-binding fragment thereof.
 24. A method of diagnosing andtreating membranous nephropathy in a patient, the method comprising:obtaining a sample from a patient, detecting whether an antibody againsta THSD7A polypeptide or an antibody-binding fragment thereof is presentin the sample, diagnosing the patient with membranous nephropathy whenthe presence of the antibody against a THSD7A polypeptide or anantibody-binding fragment thereof is detected, and administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of a THSD7A polypeptide or afragment thereof, a vector expressing the THSD7A polypeptide or afragment thereof or a host cell expressing the THSD7A polypeptide or afragment thereof.